Abstract

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita ('BNS'), the Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita ('BNSS'), and the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam ('BSA') were the three criminal codes that were implemented by the Indian Parliament in December 2023. These codes were intended to replace the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ('IPC'), the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 ('CrPC'), and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 ('IEA'), respectively. The Presidential sanction was granted to the bills, which subsequently appeared in the Official Gazette on December 25, 2023. Notification of the date they will enter into force has not yet occurred.