Abstract

Ethnic tensions in Manipur have been a longstanding issue, exacerbated by historical grievances, political marginalization, and violent conflicts. The 2023 ethnic violence between the Meitei and Kuki-Zo communities highlighted the deep-rooted divisions and governance failures in the state. The Kuki-Zo people, residing mainly in the hill districts, have long demanded a separate administration to address their socio-political and economic marginalization. This paper examines the historical background of the Kuki-Zo community, the colonial and post-independence policies that fueled ethnic divisions, and the recent conflicts that have reinforced their demand for self-governance. Drawing from historical records, legal frameworks, and case studies of similar autonomy movements in India, this study argues that a separate administration is the only viable path to lasting peace in Manipur. The paper explores how the lack of political representation, uneven development, and ethnic targeting have left the Kuki-Zo people with no alternative but to seek self-governance. The study also addresses challenges such as opposition from the Meitei-majority valley and potential security concerns. By comparing successful autonomy movements like the Bodoland Territorial Region and Darjeeling Hill Council, the paper presents policy recommendations for a peaceful and democratic resolution to the conflict.