Abstract

The digital divide remains a major barrier to equitable education in India, especially after the sudden move to online learning. Despite growth in digital access, wide gaps persist in device availability, internet reliability, and digital skills. Studies by NSSO, ASER, NCERT, TRAI and others show that rural learners, girls, marginalized communities, and poorer families face the greatest disadvantages. Even where devices exist, limited digital literacy, low parental support, and weak home learning conditions hinder effective online participation. Thus, the divide reflects deeper socio-economic inequalities rather than technology alone. Expanding last-mile connectivity, improving affordability, building digital skills, and strengthening teacher training are crucial for inclusive digital education.